With the myriad of information available online and at your veterinarian’s office – here is a quick list of what veterinarians think is most important for maintaining your pet’s good health.

1. Wellness examinations

Our four-legged friends age more quickly than humans, so it is necessary to have your veterinarian perform a physical exam once a year. Dogs and cats are also very stoic animals and can show subtle signs of illness that you may not notice. The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommends that senior pets have an examination every 6 months as well as blood tests. 

2. Spay and Neuter

Spaying and neutering helps keep the pet population under control and prevents unnecessary euthanasia due to shelter over-crowding. Also, neutering eliminates the chance of testicular cancer and greatly reduces the risk of prostate disease as your male dog ages.  Females who are spayed before their first heat cycle are significantly less likely to develop mammary cancer. 

3. Healthy Weight

The human population world-wide is getting larger – not just by population but by the size of our waistlines. The same ‘obesity epidemic’ is seen in our pet populations as well. 1 in 3 pets in the United States is now overweight or obese. Overweight and obese pets are more likely to suffer from arthritis, respiratory compromise, skin disease and even Type 2 diabetes. Cats are especially prone to Type 2 or insulin resistance diabetes when they have excess body fat and eat a high carbohydrate diet.  Keep your pet’s weight in check by encouraging exercise and avoid overfeeding.

4. Parasite Control

Fleas and ticks are the most common parasites to affect our pets.  They not only cause skin irritation and infection; they can also carry diseases and internal parasites such as tapeworms and Babesia. It is necessary to use appropriate products to prevent infection, especially during the summertime. Talk to your veterinarian about which products work best in your area.

Internal parasites or ‘worms’ are very common in young animals and can cause diarrhea and other health issues. Fecal parasite screenings should be done once a year at the wellness examination. Deworming should be done periodically if your pet becomes infected. Avoid hunting and scavenging behaviours, as this can also lead to parasite infection. Roundworms can also pose a human health risk and can cause blindness, especially in children. Soil contaminated with infected pet feces in the soil is the leading source of roundworm infection in children, so pick up your pet’s feces and dispose of them properly.

Heartworms are endemic in much of the southern regions of the United States, Africa, southeast Asia and in European countries around the Mediterranean Sea. If you live in these regions or are travelling there, talk to your veterinarian about monthly heartworm prevention.  

5. Dental Care

Good oral health doesn’t only ensure fresh-smelling breath – it can also prevent oral pain and tooth loss. Your veterinarian will check your pet’s teeth at the yearly wellness exam and recommend at-home care or prophylactic dentistry. Daily tooth brushing with a pet-friendly enzymatic toothpaste will reduce tartar and plaque buildup, which can lead to periodontal disease. Oral rinses and dental treats will also promote dental health.

6. Microchipping

Microchipping is an affordable permanent method of identification. Collars and tags can be easily lost, but a microchip (about the size of a grain of rice) will remain under your pet’s skin for life. Microchips are also required for travel within the European Union and to many other countries abroad.

7. Travel Safety

Unsecured pets can easily be thrown from the vehicle even in a minor traffic accident, causing serious injury or death. Some people think that keeping your pet in a crate is cruel, but it is the safest way for them to travel, much like a child in a car seat. Small crates should be secured to the car’s seat with the seat belt. If a crate is not for you, other pet restraint devices such as so-called ‘dog seat belts’ can also be used for restraint in an automobile or airline seat. It is best for your pet to travel in the back seat of the vehicle. If this is not possible, disable the front passenger air bag, as it can kill pets if deployed. Never allow your pet to stick his or her head out of the window of a moving car or ride in the bed of a pickup truck. 

8. Toxin Awareness

Many foods, medications and household items that are okay for humans are actually toxic for dogs and cats. The common pain reliever ibuprofen is toxic to dogs in cats and causes stomach ulcers and kidney failure even at small doses.  Household plants such as the Easter lily are toxic to cats, leading to vomiting and kidney failure. Common foods like chocolate also contain toxic substances for our pets, including caffeine. For more information about pet toxins, please use the free database link here at the ASPCA Poison Control Center. If you think that your pet has been exposed to a toxin, don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian.

9. Vaccination

Puppies and kittens receive their “childhood vaccines” within the first 16 weeks of life and these vaccines are repeated periodically to maintain immunity. In many countries, yearly vaccination is a thing of the past. However, some countries and local governments require yearly vaccination for Rabies. Three-year vaccines are available for dog diseases such as Canine Distemper and Parvovirus and cat diseases like Panleukopenia. Some veterinarians even offer antibody checks in lieu of vaccination.

When preparing for travel within the European Union, yearly vaccination for Rabies is necessary. Some countries, like Japan, not only require current vaccination but an additional blood test before import.  

10. Healthy Environment

Many of our four-legged friends live exclusively indoors with us. This may be the safest alternative for our pets but it can be boring. Indoor cats especially benefit from “environmental enrichment” such as toys, cat trees for climbing and sleeping, and even periodic access to a secure balcony. Dogs need daily exercise and some need this more than others. Enrolling your dog into an agility club or obedience course is a great way to exercise together and challenge your dog’s intellect.

Cultures that have relied on healthy, traditional food ways for centuries are now experiencing a shift towards pre-prepared ‘fast foods’ and this is taking a toll on our waistlines. Humans are not the only ones being affected; it is reported that as many as 1 in 3 household pets are now overweight or obese – a similar statistic to human obesity rates in the United Kingdom and the USA.

For centuries, domestic dogs have lived alongside humans and eaten whatever the humans ate. Contrary to popular belief, dogs have ‘evolved’ as omnivores, unlike their relative the wolf, and are very opportunistic eaters. Before modern times, dogs would live off of scraps from their master’s table and would forage for nutrition in rubbish dumps, in the forest, and even eat from discarded carcasses. Within the last century, dogs became “indoor” pets and began sleeping in our bedrooms. The invention of “dog food” not only made dogs’ diets more nutritionally balanced and consistent, it also made feeding our dogs easier and cheaper. However, commercial diets have also made it easier for us to over-feed our pets and some pet foods are laden with too much fat and even high-fructose corn syrup.

Commercial foods are not entirely bad, as the inclusion of the essential amino acid taurine in all cat foods has virtually eliminated the incidence of taurine-deficiency illnesses. But consumers have become wary of commercial pet foods in recent years, due to endless production issues. These recalls are often due to Salmonella contamination or toxins such as melamine, as seen in 2007 recall in Australia and the USA. The feline version of ‘Mad Cow Disease’ or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was seen after cat food was contaminated with prions in the United Kingdom in the 1990s.  More recently, the 2013 horse-meat scandal rocked the human food chain within the European Union – human food outlets such as IKEA, Sainsbury’s and TESCO were ‘contaminated’ with horse meat. While horse meat is a delicacy in some cultures on the Continent and some people may be okay with it being fed to their dogs and cats – the problem lies in that the horses may not have been fit for human consumption or the meat was tainted with potentially harmful medications.

Concerned? You’re not the only one

More and more people are becoming aware of these problems within our food chain. The good thing is, you don’t have to participate. Many people have made the shift away from processed foods for both their families and their pets. This means sourcing your meat, dairy, fruits and veg from small producers not far from home. Farmer’s markets and local cooperatives are great places to get started. This “traceability” of the food you and your pet eat will both benefit your waistlines and your peace of mind. 

How can I cook for my pet?

You can take the same raw ingredients that you feed your family and turn it into homemade dog or cat food. This does need to be done with care, especially if you have a growing puppy, kitten or a pet with specific health problems. Here is a checklist to get you started:

• Consult with your veterinarian about home cooking for your pet – many have trusted resources available for you
• Ask your veterinarian for a referral to a veterinary nutritionist, especially if your pet has food allergies or another medical issue.
• Do some research – use reputable resources and be careful about recipes you may find online- not all are balanced for every life stage.
  – A good starting point – consult with Dr. Susan Wynn’s basic balanced ‘Paleo’ recipe for dogs and cats. Dr. Wynn is a well-respected holistic veterinarian and nutritionist in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
• Invest in an electric “slow cooker” or CrockPot. These allow you to cook for your pet while away from home in large batches – leftover portions can be refrigerated and reheated when needed over the next several days.
• Not all foods are safe for dogs and cats!
  – Avocados, chocolate, macadamia nuts, garlic, onions, grapes, etc. are actually TOXIC to cats and dogs and may cause illness or death. 
  – Before you start cooking – check your ingredients with the toxic plants and foods database with the ASPCA Animal Poison Control website.
• Avoid feeding raw diets – raw meats, even ‘organic’, can harbor harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli. These bacteria can cause severe digestive issues and even death. Thorough cooking will eliminate these bad bugs and cooking also increases digestibility. 

Other good resources:

European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition 

World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Nutrition Committee

Most people don’t realize that they can incorporate their pet into their fitness routine. Exercise is a great way to relax, get fit and bond with your cat or dog. It is easiest to start when your pet is young but for older pets – regular exercise can give them a new ‘lease on life.’

Dogs

Dogs enjoy exercising with their “parents” and it is good for both their physical and mental wellbeing. Here are a few options for staying active with your dog:

• Leash walks. Walking your dog at least 20 minutes a day can help them to “burn off” excess energy and prevent boredom. Gentle walking will help keep their metabolism and muscles in top notch. If you have a senior pet, he or she is likely to suffer from arthritis. Gentle exercise, such as slow walks, can actually help their joint health and strengthen their muscles. Strong muscles contribute to good joint stability and function.
• Obedience classes. The practice of obedience isn’t just for military and police dogs. Dogs of all breeds can participate and many dogs enjoy the challenge. The physical aspects of obedience can be shown at competitions or simply in your living room in front of your family.  Obedient dogs are also more polite and easier to have in public. Certain herding breeds, such as German Shepherd dogs, Australian Shepherds and Border Collies often need a “job.” These are very intelligent dogs and they often are not happy simply sitting around the house. They seem to enjoy the mental and physical challenge of obedience exercises.
• Agility. Agility classes and clubs are very popular with many breeds of dogs. Some high-energy ‘working’ or ‘herding’ breeds will especially enjoy the physical challenge. Training your dog on the agility course will increase bonding and trust. It will also give you a bit of a workout!
• Running. All over the world, dogs are becoming more physically active. Some dogs enjoy jogging alongside their owners on a frequent basis. If you decide to start running with your dog, have your veterinarian examine him first and make recommendations for conditioning. Out-of-shape dogs are likely to injure themselves if they run too far, too fast.  When you and your dog are in top-notch condition, look into 5k or 10k races – many accept dogs as participants!
• Dog parks. Almost every city has at least one public dog park. These are fenced spaces where dogs can run free safely and socialize with other dogs. It is a great opportunity for them to stay fit.  Many owners enjoy the opportunity to meet new people at dog parks as well – take a cup of coffee and stay for a while!
• Dog Yoga or ‘Doga’. Dog yoga is basically the practice of yoga with your dog. Many people use internet videos or enroll in classes. It is a very relaxing way to become more physically active with your dog. Senior dogs may benefit from the massage and stretching. 

Cats

Cats are extremely athletic animals but due to an increasingly indoor lifestyle, they can become champion couch potatoes. Here are a few ways to encourage your cat to be active.

• Daily leash walks. This may be impossible for older cats that are ‘set in their ways’ but kittens can easily be trained to walk on a harness and leash just like a dog! As he or she gets older, they will look forward to daily walks outdoors. Cats can enjoy natural activities like running, jumping in the grass and even climbing trees, thanks to long lead lines.
• Cat Condos or Cat Trees. Indoor cats should have furniture available that they can climb and scratch on. These are especially lovely when placed by a large window and encourages your cat to jump and climb.
• Toys. Take a little time each day to play with your cat and have engaging toys on hand. Some cats like chasing strings while others enjoy small plush toys. Cat nip filled toys may encourage play but may leave your cat feeling ‘stoned’ or hyper-excitable.
• Outdoor time. If it is possible and safe, it is a good idea to allow your cat access to the outdoors. Some experts think that strictly indoor cats are more prone to developing anxiety-related problems such as urine spraying and excessive clawing. An indoor-outdoor lifestyle may keep your cat happier and healthier. Being outdoors allows the cat to experience the world in a natural way and engage in natural behaviors (such as hunting) that they aren’t allowed to do indoors.  It may be possible to construct an outdoor enclosure for your cat in your garden, complete with grass, cat-safe plants, natural wood for climbing and scratching, as well as a cozy spot in the sun. This enclosure will prevent your cat from running away or being injured by another animal or car.

Our “furry children” deserve every opportunity to live a long and healthy life. One way that we can ensure this is to provide for their medical care. In uncertain economic times, this can be difficult for some families. Trips to the veterinarian, especially for emergency care, can be expensive and costs continue to rise. However, pet insurance can be an affordable option for providing care during the best and worst of times. Let’s take a look at the many options offered by pet insurance. 

Is pet insurance right for me?

Pet health insurance covers the cost of veterinary medical care and sometimes even theft. Depending on the type of policy that is purchased, a portion of or all medical costs may be covered. There are many companies and policy types to choose from, from “premier” to “accident-only” catastrophic coverage. Cost can vary widely depending on your geographic location and the type of pet you have. For example, “basic” coverage plans for dogs in the US cost around $10 per month and can be as low as £8 per month for “accident-only” cover in the UK. “Illness-only” policies which cover the most common illnesses (cancer, heart disease, arthritis, etc.) are a great option for pet owners on a budget.

Start researching online for the policy that is right for you. Your veterinarian may also be a great resource in your search.  Also, talk to your employer about pet insurance benefits. Your employer may offer discount premiums or even subsidize your pet’s health care costs.

What will be covered?

Insurance policies typically cover hospitalization, medications, diagnostics, physiotherapy, dental and surgical procedures.  The “fine print” of each policy should specify what is covered and what is not.  Preventative care coverage for vaccinations and castration surgeries may also be available. If your dog is not sterilized, keep in mind that pregnancy is considered a “pre-existing condition” and will not be covered by most policies.

Do your homework before purchasing a policy and investigate how much each company will pay towards total costs per condition.  Ask the company to provide testimonials for you from other clients. These are often available on the company’s website. Some companies have better reputations for paying on time, and your veterinarian may be able to advise you further.

Breed-Specific Diseases, Pre-Existing Conditions and General Information

If your pet is young, this is the best and most cost-effective time to purchase pet insurance. The majority of companies will not insure pets with pre-existing conditions or pets over a certain age.  It is not unusual for policy costs to increase a little every year as your pet ages.  Despite this increase, most pet owners find it affordable to insure their pet for life.

Purebred dogs and cats are more likely to have health problems than mixed breeds. This will be reflected in your premium cost.  When you ask for a price quote, be sure to read the policy very carefully regarding breed-specific problems before purchase. For example, arthritis caused by hip dysplasia is often considered a “breed-specific illness” in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers. However, common dental problems like periodontal disease in Yorkshire Terriers may not be listed as a breed-specific problem, so dental coverage should be considered if you own breeds prone to dental disease.

A Few Advantages:

Value
Our pets are living longer than ever. Over time, chronic conditions may arise and pet insurance can help off-set out-of-pocket costs. 

Peace of Mind
If your pet becomes ill, you will worry less about ‘how am I going to pay for this?’ and focus more on helping your pet get well. Sadly, sometimes people must decide to euthanize their pet because they cannot afford treatment. Pet insurance can provide the funding to back your pet’s healing process.

That ‘Rainy Day’ 
Many people don’t have an “emergency fund” of cash set aside for emergency or long-term pet care. It is easier to pay the monthly premium instead of remembering to set aside cash every month.

Use Your Own Vet
Most companies will pay you directly after you make a claim, so you do not have to find a veterinarian who accepts your insurance. 

A Few Disadvantages:

Will that rainy day ever come? 
Insurance can be much like gambling. If your pet is healthy his or her whole life, you may never have to use it. 

Internet bargains
If a policy seems too good to be true – it probably is!  Be educated before you purchase and seek out a reputable insurance company.

Time Limits
If your pet suffers from a chronic condition, your insurance may limit the amount that it pays per medical problem during the course of a year. Again, it is best to read the fine print of each policy before purchase.

Insuring your “four-legged children” has more benefits than disadvantages. Take a little time and investigate what may be best for your family. Having insurance can reduce your stress level and give you peace of mind. It only takes a few minutes to look at pet insurance policies- you might just find the perfect fit. 

Why is it important to vaccinate?

When puppies and kittens are born, their immune systems are not fully mature. They rely on protective antibodies in their mother’s milk. However, this maternal immunity wanes within the first few weeks of the baby’s life. There are a number of serious viral diseases that cause high death rates in young, vulnerable animals. These diseases in puppies include Canine Distemper and Canine Parvo. In young kittens, Feline Distemper (FVRCP) is a very serious viral disease. The Rabies virus can infect any mammal and is 99.9% fatal. Only 2 or 3 humans in history have survived active infection, thanks to advanced, modern medicine. These terrible diseases are preventable by vaccination.

What if I want my pet to acquire immunity “naturally”?

Young animals have a “natural” immunity from the mother only if she was naturally infected with the virus and survived the illness or was vaccinated herself. This is one of the reasons that veterinarians urge owners to vaccinate their puppies and kittens starting around 6-8 weeks of life, when maternal protection has worn off.

If you want your pet to acquire immunity “naturally” – this means that your pet must be sufficiently exposed to the live virus and mount a significant immune response. This typically happens when pets are infected with the virus and live through the illness. Infection with these viruses causes severe sickness and often death. “Natural” immunity is not worth it – vaccines are a much safer and more responsible option. Puppies and kittens need a series of 2-3 vaccines may be needed in order to achieve protection against these diseases. Generally, the Rabies vaccine is first given at 12 weeks of age.

Vaccines are “boostered” at one year of age for both dogs and cats. After this vaccination, your pet may be vaccinated every year or every 3 years, depending on the availability of these longer-lasting vaccines. Even though antibody tests (called ‘titers’) can be checked at a laboratory on your pet’s blood sample to determine immunity levels, this option is often 3-5 times more expensive than giving a vaccine every 1-3 years.

What is Canine Distemper?

Canine Distemper is caused by a virus and enters the body through the nose and oral cavity. Nasal and oral secretions harbor the virus from dog to dog. Crowded shelter conditions with unvaccinated animals are a common scenario in an outbreak. Even dogs that do not show symptoms can shed the virus for 2-3 months after recovery. Symptoms include eye and nose discharge, fever, coughing, pneumonia, calluses on the feet and nose, full-body tremors and seizures. Some dogs who seem to have beaten the disease may develop neurologic symptoms and seizures weeks later. Some neurologic signs are permanent and the pet often is incapacitated and succumbs to the disease.

What is Canine Parvovirus?

Canine Parvovirus or “Parvo” is a very hardy virus that is ubiquitous in the environment. The reason that veterinarians discourage new puppy owners from taking their pup to the dog park is that infective particles can live in the soil for years. Once the puppy has a full set of vaccines, it is safer to expose them. It is extremely difficult to disinfect for this virus. Unvaccinated puppies typically become infected with the disease. It is rare for an older dog to get parvo, but it is possible, especially if the immune system is weak or if they have never been vaccinated. Puppies are infected with parvovirus by contact with infected soil or feces.

The virus attacks in two important ways. First, it infects the bone marrow, where the puppy makes the cells that run the immune system. Without these helpers, the virus is able to invade other parts of the body and ‘disable’ or severely weaken the immune system. The virus attacks the lining of the intestine, causing severe and often bloody diarrhea and vomiting. The intestine is left with “holes” – which allows other pathogens access to the bloodstream. Most puppies die from the disease due to extreme body fluid loss and dehydration.

What is Feline Distemper (Panleukopenia)?

cerebellar hypoplasia

What is Rabies?

Rabies is caused by a virus and is spread through the saliva. Most commonly, mammals are infected through a bite wound. Within days to months after the bite, severe neurological disease ensues. The animal goes through several phases of symptoms, including depression, appetite decrease to mania and severe aggression. This terrifying disease progresses to death often within 10 days – after the virus causes paralysis and the victim suffocates.

The virus is carried by domestic animals and wildlife. It is often seen in feral or stray cats and dogs that have had contact with rabid wildlife, such as foxes, skunks, raccoons and bats. A lovely stray kitten with a small healing wound could be harboring this deadly virus.

Most countries around the globe have Rabies vaccination laws and controls in place to prevent human and animal disease. Kittens and puppies should be vaccinated around 12 weeks of age (depending on local law) and this vaccine is repeated at one year of age. After one year of age, a 1-year or 3-year vaccine can be administered.

Vaccine FAQs

Do vaccines hurt?
The initial injection will sting a little due to the needle being inserted under the skin. Some pets may experience some tenderness for a day or two after the vaccine, while others don’t seem to notice a thing!

Can my pet get cancer from a vaccine?
Certain cats may be at risk of developing a type of cancer called Feline Injection Site Sarcoma (FISS) after vaccination. This disease was formerly known as Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma. Recent research has also shown that there may be a genetic component to this, as some cats develop sarcomas after being injected with medications or saline and not vaccines. One of the possible vaccine components thought to trigger sarcomas, an aluminum-based adjuvant, has been removed from use in most vaccines today. The incidence of FISS in the United Kingdom in 2007 was approximately 1 case in 16,000-50,000 cats. It can be concluded that the incidence and therefore risk is very low.

Due to this small risk, veterinarians place vaccines and other types of injections in cats differently from those in dogs. If a sarcoma does develop from the injection site, the location is easier to operate, possibly saving the animal’s life.

If your cat or dog develops a lump in the area of the injection, it may simply be a normal inflammatory response, but let your veterinarian know about it as soon as possible. Most inflammation will dissipate within a few days. If you have an older cat that was vaccinated in the 1990s or early 2000s, be aware that FISS can show up years after the initial vaccines. You can examine your cat for skin lumps just by petting and massaging him or her daily…your cat will appreciate it!

Parasites
Internal and external parasites have plagued cats and dogs since time immortal. Puppies and kittens are often exposed to parasites by their mothers – even through breast milk! Here is a quick reference list of the most common parasites.

Roundworms
Roundworms cause intestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea) and can occasionally cause blockage in large numbers. Roundworms have a remarkable lifecycle which is almost impossible to break. This is why roundworms persist as a problem for both animals and humans. Puppies and kittens are most commonly infected in the womb while they are still embryos! Even if the mother dog has been dewormed, there can still be inactive roundworm cysts living in her liver. The cysts are activated during pregnancy and infect the embryos. They can also be passed through the breast milk. When your puppy or kitten is seen by the veterinarian, a fecal sample will be examined for roundworm eggs. Deworming will be necessary to prevent intestinal disease. If your dog is pregnant, it is possible to prevent puppies from being infected in the womb – products called moxidectin and fenbendazole can be used under direction of your veterinarian.

Roundworms can cause infection in humans – most commonly children. Children can suffer from a form of blindness if infected by roundworms. Good hygiene and yearly fecal screening for your pets will help protect humans from infection.

Hookworms
Hookworms are common in puppies and kittens. Adult dogs can also be infected by ingesting feces or contaminated soil. Hookworms can also infect dogs (and humans!) by crawling through exposed skin from the environment in their tiny larval stage. Hookworms can also be transferred much like roundworms – through the breast milk of the mother or the pups are infected in the womb. Hookworms infect the intestines and suck host’s blood. Severe infections can lead to diarrhea, anemia and weakness.

Hookworms causes a disease in humans called cutaneous larval migrans, which means the worm burrows through the skin, leaving pain and inflammation in its wake. Hookworms can also infect a human’s digestive tract. If you go to a beach with dogs – be aware that you might bring more home with you than just sand between your toes! Dog owners need to be aware that their dog may be shedding hookworms and pick up the feces for proper disposal – this will help prevent the spread of hookworms in the environment.

Echinococcus tapeworm
It is important that people travelling with their pet be aware of this tapeworm. Several nations within Europe require a special deworming to prevent the entrance of this worm into their country. Why is it so important?

Echinococcus, also known as Hydatid Cyst, are found world-wide and infects dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, rodents, rabbits and coyotes. Sheep can act as an intermediate host to the parasite. Pets that live outdoors and hunt are susceptible to infection. If Echinococcus infects humans, it causes a hydatid cyst, which can occur in the liver, brain or muscles. These are ‘malignant’ cysts which have a high mortality rate (for example, of those with a lung cyst, 70% die within 5 years of diagnosis, even with treatment). It is important to not feed your pet offal from sheep that may be infected in endemic areas.

Ask your veterinarian if Echinococcus is a problem in your area and deworm your pet accordingly.

Dogs are typically better travel companions than cats but this is not always the case. Here are a few things to consider when travelling with your canine companion.

Air and Train Travel

Your method of travel on a train or airplane will vary depending on how large or small your pet is. Medium and large breeds usually must travel in the cargo hold of the airplane in a crate. Most airlines have specific requirements for the size and type of crate your dog will travel in – contact them for more details. Specific breeds may be banned from travel, such as fighting breeds (Pit Bulls, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, etc.) or must travel in a specifically designed metal crate. 

When in airports or train stations, be aware that the noise and sheer number of people may frighten your dog. Dogs may try to run or become hyper-excited in this situation. Keep your dog on a short leash affixed to a secure collar or harness. Some dogs may bite out of fear or anxiety, even if they are normally very well mannered. Children may run up to your dog and your dog may nip out of surprise.  

Be aware that in some countries, such as Poland, require dogs to be muzzled while in public. A cage muzzle fits over the dog’s mouth and head and still allows them to breathe normally and drink water through it. Muzzling dogs in public is very common in Central or Eastern Europe – having a cage muzzle with you is a good idea just in case such laws are in place. 

Travel Tip: Anxiety

• Some dogs may be anxious during travel. Many people must take a car with their dog and crate to the airport or train station. If your dog is over-excited in the car or in public, it is a good idea to take short trips to get him or her used to it before the big day.  
• Simply feeding your dog while sitting in the car every day for a couple of weeks before the trip can help reduce anxiety levels. The dog will learn to associate the car with good things (food!).
• If your dog has severe anxiety during travel, talk to your veterinarian about appropriate sedatives. If your pet is flying, some sedatives are not allowed by airlines due to safety concerns.

Travel Tip: Collar or harness

• Your dog’s collar or harness should be securely fastened for optimum control. Loose-fitting collars can slip off if your pet begins to pull or jump around, allowing opportunity for escape and possibly injury.
• Consider using a harness during travel even if your dog doesn’t normally wear one. These fit around the dog’s neck, shoulders and chest and provide greater control and security.

Car and Ferry Travel

Many dogs enjoy car travel, especially if they get to do it often. It is a good idea to get your dog used to the car long before you decide to take a long journey. If anxiety or motion sickness is a problem, you can try some of our Travel Tips before you set off. 

Keep your dog’s collar or harness on while in the car. Always be 100% sure that the leash is affixed to the collar before opening the doors or windows. If your car has air conditioning, use it instead of opening the windows – as your dog may try to fly away if this opportunity is presented!  If you must open the windows, open them just a small bit! Travel inside a crate is safest while in a car but is not always possible. Use a special “doggie seatbelt” to secure your dog to the car seat belt. In the event of an accident or if you brake too hard – your dog will stay secure and is less likely to be injured or thrown from the vehicle. 

Regular toilet breaks are necessary for everyone – take your pup for a quick jog after he uses the toilet and offer water or a small meal. Water should be offered frequently while en route – this will help prevent dehydration.

Many people choose to take their car to the Continent or across the Baltic Sea by ferry. Never leave your dog in the car unattended. Some ferry operators require pets to remain below decks in a special holding area away from the cars.  If you take an overnight ferry, your dog may be allowed in the sleeping cabin with you. Your dog will welcome this opportunity to “stretch legs” walking around the ferry and often there are dog toilet areas on the outside decks.  

Travel Tip: Motion Sickness 

• Feed your pet an hour or more before travel.
• Talk to your veterinarian about a medication called Cerenia. In some countries, these tablets are labelled for use in dogs for prevention of motion sickness.
• Secure your pet facing forward in the car
• Secure your pet using a crate or restraint device. Dogs that are allowed “free reign” in the car are more likely to get motion sick as they bounce around with the movement of the car. 
• Use of a crate can help prevent motion sickness. If your dog is ‘crate trained’ at home, he or she may feel more secure being in a familiar environment as well.

Cat owners should keep in mind that most cats will not be happy about the travel process and may be easily stressed by change. Here are some quick tips that will help make travel with your feline friend more pleasant.

Air or Train Travel

Air travel will be the most stressful for cats, especially if you have a connecting flight. It is often not safe to let your cat out of the crate to “stretch his legs” or to use the toilet. The best way to avoid excess time in the carrier is to take the most direct, quickest route to and from the airport. This may mean spending more money by hiring a taxi or driving your own car. 

The benefit of air travel, especially in Europe, is that your cat will spend less time overall in the carrier compared to a long journey by train or car.

Train travel can be similar to air travel. You may have to remove your cat from its crate when going through security checkpoints at airports or train stations.  Plane and trains can also be delayed, requiring your cat to wait longer periods in confinement. Airports and train stations can be very noisy, so seek out a quiet location – even at a café – and talk to your cat, reassuring and calming him.

Travel Tip: Carrier or Crate

• If your pet is travelling with you inside the aircraft cabin, a soft-sided carrier may be more lightweight and will fit under the seat better.
• For cats travelling in the cargo hold, a hard plastic crate is required. These crates provide more space for your cat compared to the soft-sided carriers. Contact your airline for crate requirements and specifications.
• A few days before your tip, set the carrier out in your house and open the doors. Your cat, naturally curious, will become accustomed to its presence and may not be as afraid when it is time to go into the crate.

Car and Ferry Travel

Many cats will fall asleep in their crate during a car trip. For additional security, use the car’s seat belt to strap the crate to the seat. A sudden stop could send a crate flying – scaring the cat and potentially causing injury to others. 

Your family and cat will need regular toilet breaks on a long car journey. But how can your cat toilet in the car safely?  First, carry with you a clean, new plastic litter tray and a zip-top bag full of clean litter.  Lock the doors, have the children stay in their seats, and put the litter tray in the floor board of the car, in front of one of the seats. You can also place it in the baggage area if it is accessible. Let your cat out of the crate and allow time, up to half an hour, for him to explore the car and use the toilet.  Many cats welcome this opportunity. Allowing your cat to toilet will help prevent problems like bladder infections.  If your cat does not toilet, don’t worry – try again in a few hours.

Many people choose to take their car to the Continent or across the Baltic Sea by ferry. Never leave your cat in the car unattended. Some ferry operators require pets to remain below decks in a special holding area away from the cars.  If you take an overnight ferry, your cat may be allowed in the sleeping cabin with you. Your cat will welcome this opportunity to “stretch legs” and use the toilet in the privacy of your own room.  

Travel Tip: Harness

• Fit your cat with a harness (the type that goes around the shoulders, neck and chest of the animal) before going into the crate. The harness will allow for secure control when you take the cat out for airport security checkpoints. A small leash can also be snapped on for greater security.
• Don’t be tempted to use a collar around the neck. These can slip off easily and cats generally are not well controlled with a collar.
• The harness can help you get your hands on the cat when returning him to the crate after a toilet break in the car.

Travel Tip: Helping your Cat to Relax

Pheromone Therapy
Cat pheromones can be purchased either as a spray, disposable cloth or diffuser. These products contain “feel good” pheromones which can help put your cat at ease. Spray a small amount into the carrier once a day for a few days up to departure. 

For more information: Feliway Feline Pheromones 

Motion Sickness
Some cats do become motion sick while travelling by car or ferry. If your cat has vomited during travel in the past – it is likely to happen again. Talk to your veterinarian about a product called Cerenia – it is labelled for the treatment of motion sickness in some countries. Also, feed your cat a couple of hours before you start your journey. Feed him small meals throughout the day at regular meal times and offer water often.

With new members of the European Union (EU) being added recently, it is easier than ever for your pet to travel between countries. While the process has been greatly stream-lined, each individual country may have their own separate requirements.  Here is a basic list of things you must think of when planning a holiday with your pet in Europe.

1. Pet Passport

The pet passport is issued by your veterinarian in your home country. The European Commission does not issue the pet passport. Pet passports are available for dogs, cats and ferrets. This document needs to accompany your pet wherever you go. Health checks, your pet’s vaccination and parasite treatment history are recorded here along with your pet’s microchip number. If your pet has an identifying tattoo, it also should be recorded here as well.

In non-EU countries where the Rabies status matches the neighboring EU member states, pet passports are accepted for travel. These countries include: Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland and the Vatican City State.

If you are travelling to the European Union from a third country, such as the United States, an EU entry health certificate and USDA health certificate must be issued and signed by proper authorities before entrance into the EU. 

2. Rabies vaccination

For movement between EU member states and many third countries, your pet must be current on their Rabies vaccination. While most EU countries require yearly Rabies vaccination by law, 3-year vaccines may be acceptable.

3. Special Requirements

Each country can set separate requirements for entry. For example, Finland, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta require treatment for the parasite Echinococcus before entry. One must note that this treatment must be done within a specific time frame before entry. 

Since January 2012, the European Commission reports: “the treatment shall be administered by a veterinarian within a period of not more than 120 hours and not less than 24 hours before the time of scheduled entry into Finland, Ireland, Malta or the United Kingdom; the treatment shall be certified by the administering veterinarian in the relevant section of the health certificate or the passport on re-entry.” 

Non-EU countries, such as Norway, also require treatment for Echinococcus before entry.

Helpful Resources from the European Commission Website

Pet Passports FAQs
Movement of Pets within the EU
List of Third Countries
Non-Commercial Pet Movement from Third Countries into the EU
Pre-Entry Rabies Titration Test for Pet Movement from Certain Third Countries

From pet passports to what to pack in your hand luggage, this check list will help keep you on track as you prepare for your next trip. You can even print the list to keep on hand while you are packing. For more comprehensive pet travel advice, check out our ‘Know Before You Go’ and ‘Methods of Travel’ articles.

Microchipping

For travel to or within the European Union, your pet must be microchipped before the initial Rabies vaccine. This number is then recorded in your pet passport or official third country health certificate, linking the document to the specific pet.

Pet passport

Airline agents will check your pet’s passport at check-in. If you are travelling within the European Union by air, you may be required to show this document at customs checkpoints. Third country health certificates are also accepted in lieu of pet passports. For a complete list of third country certificates accepted within the European Union, please click here.

Vaccinations and Deworming

A current Rabies vaccination is required for travel to or within the European Union. Check with individual country requirements before you go, as some member states require additional vaccines. Certain member states also require that a deworming pill or liquid be administered within a certain time period before entry. Click here for more information or talk to your local veterinarian.

Animal comfort and security

It is safest for your pet to travel in a sturdy crate, even in the car. If you are flying with your pet, check with the airline before purchasing a travel crate. Soft-sided carriers are often allowed for in-cabin travel for small dogs and cats. Size and structure of the crate may be outlined by airline policy or law. For example, some airlines require specially constructed wire crates for transporting fighting breeds, such as Pit Bulls.

Breed Bans
Before setting off on holiday, check for specific breed bans at your destination. Commonly banned dog breeds include American Staffordshire Terrier, Pit Bull Terrier, Mastiffs, etc.

Supplies
It is a good idea to keep all your pet’s supplies in one place and easily accessible. If you are travelling by car or train, pack your pet’s things in a small bag that will fit within your luggage. If you are flying with your pet, place a few essentials in your hand luggage.

Things to keep with your pet:

Leash and collar with identification tags
Even if your pet does not normally wear a collar, it is a good idea for him or her to wear one while travelling. This allows for control over the pet and identification. Cats do best when fitted with a harness and leash instead of a collar around the neck.

Small plastic bowl
A small food storage bowl is useful for giving your pet water or food during the trip.

Water
Keep a small water bottle with you at all times for your pet. It is necessary to offer water every few hours to ensure that he or she stays well hydrated.

Food
One serving of food is good to have on hand, especially if you are travelling by air. Due to weight and size restrictions for hand luggage, we recommend that you carry the minimum with your pet into the cabin. If your flight is delayed or checked luggage is lost, your pet can at least have one meal while you wait.

Things to put into your ‘pet’s bag’ or checked luggage:

Spare leash
A small ‘slip lead’ is good to have in case the other becomes lost or damaged. This type of lead can easily be put over your pet’s head and serves as both collar and leash.

Food
Pack enough for the trip. It may not be easy or possible to purchase the same brand at your destination, especially if your pet is on a prescription veterinary diet.

Bath Towel
The weather can be unpredictable and muddy paws can be a problem! It is a good idea to have a bath towel on hand for easy paw and hair clean-up.

1 or 2 bowls for water and food
To lighten your load, use only one bowl per pet – when your pet has finished the meal, fill the bowl with water.

Medications
If your pet has a health problem, have your veterinarian examine your pet before travel. Be sure to have enough medication for the duration of the trip.

Grooming supplies, such as hair brush, toothbrush and pet toothpaste
Good hygiene and daily brushing should not take a vacation!

Lodging

Many hotels and B&Bs welcome pets. Do a little research first and if there isn’t a pet policy available online, ask before booking. Click here for pet-friendly lodging tips.

Travel requirements can vary widely depending on your destination country. Here are a few things to be aware of before you plan your next holiday with your pet.

1. Pet Passport

Most countries in Europe (EU and non-EU) issue a form of a pet passport. This passport is accepted as a valid travel document on all airlines and into most countries world-wide. 

The pet passport is issued by your veterinarian in your home country. The European Commission does not issue the pet passport. Pet passports are available for dogs, cats and ferrets. This document needs to accompany your pet wherever you go. Health checks, your pet’s vaccination and parasite treatment history are recorded here along with your pet’s microchip number. If your pet has an identifying tattoo, it also should be recorded here as well.

2. Vaccination and Antibody Titer Test

Valid Rabies vaccination is an entry requirement for most countries world-wide. Proof of this vaccination is entered into your pet’s passport by the veterinarian. However, most recognized Rabies-Free Countries require an additional blood test to ensure that your pet is immune. This is the Rabies Antibody Titer Test, also known as a FAVN test. 

It is best to do a little research and be prepared to help your veterinarian with the paperwork for the FAVN test. Be aware that some countries will only accept FAVN test results from certain approved laboratories. Be sure that your veterinarian sends the blood sample at the appropriate time to the right laboratory!

For example, Japan requires both a valid Rabies vaccine and a FAVN Rabies Antibody Test for import of dogs and cats. The blood sample must be collected at least 31 days after the pet’s last Rabies vaccination and 180 days before entry into Japan, depending on country of origin. If your pet fails to meet these requirements, he or she will be quarantined in Japan at your cost.

Helpful links for countries requiring FAVN Rabies Antibody Tests for import are listed below. Please be aware that this may only be a partial list and laws and regulations are always changing. Check with your country of destination before travel:

Japan

USA (Hawaii Only)

Australia

Singapore

A current list of Rabies Free Countries can be found here

3. Microchip

Your pet must be microchipped and this number recorded in the pet passport for entry into most countries. Some countries will still allow a tattoo as permanent identification for import while others, like Russia, will only accept a microchip.  ISO microchips are now accepted world-wide. If you aren’t sure if your pet has an ISO or non-ISO microchip, check our link here or ask your veterinarian.

4. Breed Bans

Breed bans are also called ‘breed-specific legislation.’ These laws are put into place by countries, states, and even cities due to the perception that certain breeds are more dangerous than others. The majority of these breeds are either bulldogs or fighting breeds.  If you own a breed such as American Pit Bull Terrier, Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Japanese tosa, or fila Brasileiro, please be aware of these rules.

Even if your destination country does not ban certain breeds, the state, province or city you are arriving into may not allow import. Some airlines won’t allow the transport of certain breeds or if they do, the pet must be secured in a special type of crate. Several countries within Europe have breed bans or restrictions in place, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Ukraine.

Countries where breed bans are in place:

• Australia
• Brazil (state of Rio de Janeiro)
• Canada (provinces of Ontario and Manitoba)
• USA (several municipalities in several states, Puerto Rico)
• Bermuda
• Equador
• Malaysia
• New Zealand
• Venezuela